Theory of Estoppel and its implications in Nepal (Nepali Language)
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tYo k|:t't ubf{ ;f]sf] Goflos lg?k0fdf ;xof]u k'U5 / To:tf] ljZjf;sf] cfwf/nfO{
k|df0f elgG5 . k|df0f sfg'g sfg'gsf] To:tf] zfvf xf] h;n] ljjfbsf kIfx?sf]
;f/e"t clwsf/nfO{ c;/ hkf/L Gofolg?k0df ;xof]uL e"ldsf v]Nb5 . [1]k|df0f sfg'gn]
cbfntsf] ;xof]usf nflu k|df0fsf ?kdf s:tf] j:t'x?nfO{ lng] / s] s:tf] sfo{ljlw
ckgfP/ To;sf] k|of]u ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] Joj:yf ub{5 . [2]To;}n] k|df0f
sfg'gnfO{ Hofolwzsf] cfFvf-Eye Of Judge_ klg elgG5 . [3]
k|df0f sfg'gsf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf s'/f
ubf{ k|To]s b]zn] cfkm\gf] Gofok|0ffnLdf ;'xfFpbf] lsl;dn] k|df0f sfg'gsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 . o;df k|efj kfg]{ tTjx? w]/} x'G5g\ . t/ k|df0f sfg'gn]
lglb{i6 u/]sf ;fdfGo / cfwf/e"t l;4fGt ;a} b]zx?sf] k|df0f;DalGw sfg'gx?n]
cg';/0f u/]sf x'G5g\ . k|df0f sfg'gsf ljleGg l;4fGtx?sf] k|of]u s'g} Ps b]zn]
csf]{ b]zdf k|rlnt Gofof]lrt k|df0f sfg'gsf cjwf/0fx? cfTd;ft klg ub{5g\ .
k|df0f sfg'gn] s'g} klg ljjfb;Da4 k|df0fx?sf]
k|fdfl0fs d"No slt x'g] / ltlgx?nfO{ s;/L u|x0f ug]{ eGg] s'/f lglb{i6
ul/Psf] x'G5 . ljjflbt ljifo;uF k|ToIf ?kdf ;DaGw /fVg] k|df0fx?n] ;f] ljjfbsf]
lg?k0f ug{df k|d'v ?kdf ;xof]uL e"ldsf v]Nb5 . cGo k|df0fx?n] ;f] d'4fsf]
lg?k0f s]xL tYo :yflkt ug{df dfq e"ldsf v]Nb5 oBkL ltlgx?sf] dxTj g}
gePsf] eGg] xf]Og jf:tjdf sltko cj:yfdf k|ToIf k|df0fsf] cefjdf o:tf k|df0f?n]
d'4fsf] lg?k0fd ;d]t e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sb5g\ .
laaGwg klg k|df0f
sfg'gsf] o;} zfvfcGt{ut kg]{ l;4fGt xf] . o;nfO{ cu+|]hLdf “Estoppel” elgG5 h;sf] pTklQ
k|mfG;]nL zJb “Estope” af6 ePsf] xf] h;sf] cy{ Ps k6s ;sf/fTds
s'/f JoQm ul/;s]kl5 jf elg;s]kl5 ;f] JolQmn] To;tnfO{ gsfg{ jf Tof];uF ljk/Lt
x'g] u/L eGg kfO{b}g eGg] xf] . cyf{t ljk/Lt s'/f JoQm ug{af6 d'v y'Gg' eGg]
o;sf] cy{ x'G5 . laaGwgdf k|df0f sfg'gdf k"0f{ ?kdf k|df0fdf lng gx'g]
s'/f “Absolute
Exclusionary Rules” elgG5 cyf{t ;aaGwgsf] bfo/fleq kg]{ s'/fx?nfO{ ;f] s'/f
JoQm ug{] JolQmsf] ;dy{gdf k|df0fdf lng ldNb}Gf o;n] :jo+ kIfsf] k|df0fnfO{
sdhf]/ agfpF5 .
laaGwgsf] l;4fGt
s'g} klg JolQmn] Psk6s Psfy/L eg]sf]df kl5 uP/ ;f] s'/f sf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L
cs}{ s'/f ug'{x'b}Fg eGg] ;fdfGo g}lts bfloTjdf cfwfl/t l;4fGt xf] . k|df0sf]
sfg'gdf o;sf] Tolt k|fdfl0fs dxTj geP klg o;sf] dxTjnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsb}Fg . g]kfnsf]
k|df0f P]g @)#! sf] bkmf #$ df laaGwg;DalGw Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 / o;sf] k|of]u ul/
ljleGg ;dodf g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfaf6 ljleGg sfg'gL l;4fGtx? ;d]t k|ltkflbt
eO{;s]sf 5g\ .
laaGwgsf] l;4fGtsf] kl/ro
s'g} Pp6f s'/f pNn]v
u/L Ps k6s kmfObf lnPsf] JolQmn] To;sf] ljk/Lt pNn]v u/L bf]xf]/f] kmfObf k|fKt
ug{ lbg' plrt x'b}Fg eGg] g} ;fdfGo ?kdf laaGwgsf] l;4fGtsf] kl/ro xf] . [4]Black’s Law Dictionery sf cg';f/ ==========
. o;}u/L g]Da{;sf] zJbsf]ifdf c;/ kg]{ kIfn] xf]Og eGg g;Sg] lgZrofTds
:jLs[ltnfO{ laaGwg elgG5 egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . laaGwgn] s;}nfO{ xs clwsf/ k|bfg
ub}{g t/ s'g} tYosf] af/]df o:tf] xf] jf xf]Og egL Ps k6s s'g} s'/f JoQm ug]{
JolQmn] kl5 uP/ ;f] s'/fsf] ljk/Lt cGo s'/fsf] lhsL/ ug{ kfpb}Fg cyf{t klxn]
JoQm u/]sf] s'/fn] kl5;Dd gLhsf] d'v y'lglbG5 eGg] lgod k|ltkflbt u5{ .
laaGwgsf] l;4fGtnfO{
lgDglnlvt ;fdfGo pbfx/0faf6 ;d]t k'li6 ug{ ;lsG5 M
pbfx/0fsf nflu s eGg]
JolQmn] v eGg] JolQmnfO{ s]xL hUuf ljqmL ug{ nfu]5 . s n] v nfO{ pQm hUuf
lsGgsf nflu a}gfk§f u/L s]xL /sd lnP5 . t/ a}gfk§f ubf{sf avtdf ;f] hUufdf s
sf] s'g} klg :jfldTj /x]g5 . kl5 ljlwaz ;f] hUufdf s sf] :jfldTj xs x'g cfP5 . o:tf]df
olb v n] cfˆgf] a}gfk§fsf] /sd lkmtf{ kfpF elg s ;uF d'4f ubf{ s n] cfˆgf] xs
g} gePsf] a]nf u/]sf] a}gfk§f dfGo gx'g] elg v08g ug{ kfpFb}g . o:tf]df
laaGwgsf] l;4fGt nfu" x'G5 .
laaGwgsf] k|sf/
s_ clen]v4f/f
laaGwg - Estoppel By
Record_
v_ lnvtsf cfwf/df
laaGwg - Estoppel By
Deed_
u_ k|ltlglwTjsf
cfwf/df laaGwg - Estoppel
By Representation_
3_ ;Demf}tf4f/f
laaGwg - Estoppel By Agreement_
s_ clen]v4f/f laaGwg
laaGwgsf] of]
k|sf/ b]jfgL d'4fsf] dxTjk"0f{ l;4fGtdWo]sf] Ps k|fª\Gofosf] l;4fGt;uF d]n
vfG5 .[6] o;n] cbfntsf]
lgl0f{t clen]vaf6 ;[hgf x'g] laaGwgnfO{ hgfpb5 . clwsf/ k|fKt sfg'gL lgsfoaf6
cfˆgf] If]qflwsf/leq /xL Psk6s km};nf ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL sfg'gL lgsfodf
;f]xL kIfsf/x?sf aLrdf a/fa/ ljjfb p7fO/xg' x'b}Fg eGg] o;sf] lgrf]8 xf] . a?
Ps txsf] cbfntdf lg0f{o eO;s]kl5 c;kmn x'g] kIfn] Tof] eGbf dflyNnf] lgsfodf
k'g/fj]bg u/L jf cGo t/Lsfaf6 ;f] km};nfpk/ sfg'gL sf/jfxL rnfpg ;lsG5 .
t/ laaGwg /
k|fª\Gofosf] l;4fGtaLr d"ne"t ?kdf leGgtf /x]sf] 5 . laaGwgn] kIfnfO{
/f]Sb5 t/ k|fª\Gofosf] l;4fGtn] pxL kIf ljkIf pxL cbfnt / pxL ljifoa:t'sf] d'4f
km]/L x]g{af6 cbfntnfO{ /f]Sb5 . [7]
v_ lnvtsf cfwf/df laaGwg
o; k|sf/sf]
laaGwgn] s'g} Ps JolQmn] cfˆgf] :j]R5fn] lnlvt ?kd} JoQm u/]sf s'/fsf] ljk/Lt
kl5 s'g} s'/f eGgaf6 /f]Sb5 . lnvtdf :j]R5fn] n]lvPsf jf JoQm ul/Psf s'/f dfGg
;f] JolQm afWo x'G5 / ;f] lnvtsf] lj?4 x'g] u/L s'g} k|df0f k]z ug{ kfO{b}Fg .
o;;DalGw g]kfnsf] ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] b]a]Gb|zDz]/ h=a=/f= lj?4 lnnf zDz]/
h=a=/f= ;d]t[8] ePsf] d'4fdf
Psk6s lnlvt ?kdf g} leGb} a;]sf] egL :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf]df kl5 cfP/ cfkm"x?
Psf;uf]ndf a;]sf] egL eGg gkfpg] egL JofVof u/]sf] 5 .
u_ k|ltlglwTjsf cfwf/df laaGwg
olb s'g} JolQmn]
csf]{ JolQmnfO{ jrgn], n]v]/ jf cfr/0f4f/f s'g} s'/fsf] ljZjf;df kf/L s'g} s'/f
o:tf] xf] egL csf]{ JolQmaf6 s'g} sfd u/fPsf] jf sfd x'g lbPsf] eP kl5 lgh /
;f] JolQmsf aLrdf rNg] d'4fdf ;f] s'/f ljk/Lt x'g] k|df0f ug{ jf ;f] cl3sf]
s'/f v08g ug{ lbb}Fg . To:tf] cj:yfdf k|ltlglwTjsf cfwf/df nfUg] ljaGwg ;lqmo
x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf] ljaGwgnfO{ g]kfnsf] k|df0f sfg'g @)#! sf] bkmf #$ -!_ df
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] ef/tsf] k|df0f P]g !*&@ bkmf sf] bkmf !!% df Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 .
3_ ;Demf}tf4f/f laaGwg
o; k|sf/sf]
laaGwgsf] l;4fGtdf kIfsf/x?aLr s'g} Ps s'/fdf ;xdtL eO{ ;Demf}tf ul/
;f]cg'?ksf] sfo{ ePsf]df kl5 ;f] s'/fnfO{ OGsf/ ug{ b'j} kIfn] kfpFb}gg\ eGg]
s'/f k|ltkflbt ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gb{edf o:tf] k|sf/sf] Joj:yf k|df0f P]gsf]
@)#! df ePsf] kfOb}Fg eg] ef/tsf] k|df0f sfg'gdf o;sf] bkmf !!^ / !!& df
o;;DalGw Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . [9]
k|df0f P]g @)#! Dff laaGwgsf] l;4fGtsf] k|of]u / JofVof
g]kfnsf]
k|df0f sfg'g @)#! sf] kl/R5]b % df laaGwgsf ;DaGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .
#$=
-!_ s'g} JolQmn] n]v]/, jrgn] jf cfr/0fåf/f s'g} JolQmnfO{ s'g} s'/f o:tf] xf]
eGg] ljZjf;df kf/L jf To:tf] ljZjf;df kg{ lbO{ ;f] JolQmaf6 s'g} sfd u/fPdf jf
x'g lbPdf lgh / ;f] JolQmsf lardf rn]sf] s'g} d'2fdf ;f] s'/f To:tf] xf]Og jf
lyPg egL lghn] v08g ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
t/
sfg"gL a'Fbfdf of] bkmf nfu" x'g] 5}g .
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pkbkmf -!_ df pNn]v ePsf s'/fx? ;f] pkbkmfdf pNn]v ePsf JolQmx?af6 d'2f ;DjGwL
ljifo j:t'df s'g} k|sf/sf] xs k|fKt ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ;d]t nfu" x'g]5 .
s_ laaGwgsf] l;4fGt nfu" x'g] cj:yf
pk/f]Qm P]gsf] bkmf #$-!_ df Joj:yf ePcg';f/
s'g} Ps s'/f egL Psk6s To;af6 kmfObf lnO{ ;s]sf] JolQmn] km]/L To;sf] ljk/Lt
s'/f pNn]v u/L bf]xf]/f] kmfObf lng' x'b}Fg[10] olb To;f] ePdf
laaGwgsf] l;4fGtn] To;nfO{ /f]Sb5. s'g} klg JolQmn] af]n]/, n]v]/ jf cfr/0fn]
s'g} s'/f o:tf] xf] egL s;}nfO{ ljZjf;df kf/L s'g} sfd u/L u/fO;s]sf] cj:yfdf
kl5 tL JolQmx?aLr s'g} d'4f rn]sf]df cl3 cfkm"n] JoQm u/]sf s'/f xf]Ogg\
jf To;sf] pQm d'4fdf s'g} k|fdfl0fs d"No /xb}g eGg kfpg] cj:yf x'b}Fg,
To;df laaGwgsf] l;4fGt cfslif{t x'G5 h;n] ;f] JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] egfO{ cg'lrt
?kdf abNgaf6 /f]Sb5.
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf
laaGwgsf k|sf/x? h:t} k|df0f sfg"g @)#! n] df}lvs, lnlvt tyf cleJolQmut
ljifox?df ljjGwgsf] l;bfGt cfslif{t x'g] elg pNn]v u/]sf 5.
;f]xL bkmfsf] pkbkmf @ df
pkbkmf ! df pNn]v u/]adf]lhdsf] d'4fdf d'4fsf kIfx?afx]s s'g} csf]{ kIfsf] klg
xs ;dfj]z ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] JolQmnfO{ ;d]t laaGwgsf] l;4fGt nfu" x'G5 .
o; Joj:yf;DaGwL yk k|i6
x'gsf nflu tnsf] pbfx/0fnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
v_ laaGwgsf] l;4fGt nfu" gx'g] cj:yf
!_ k|df0f
P]g @)#! Dff Joj:yf ePcg';f/ tYosf ;DaGwdf laaGwgsf] l;4fGt nfu" x'g] eP
tfklg sfg'gL bkmf[11]df of] l;4fGt nfu" x'b}FGf. g]kfnsf]
;Gbe{df dfq geP/ ef/t tyf cGo b]zx?sf ;DaGwdf klg of] s'/f nfu" x'G5 .[12] h:tf] ls olb s'g} afnsn] s/f/ ubf{ cfˆgf]
pd]/ 9fF6]/ s/f/ ub{5 / kl5 dfq cfˆgf] jf:tljs pd]/ pNn]v ub{5 eg] ;f] afnsnfO{
laaGwgsf] l;4fGt nfu" x'b}Fg lsgeg] sfg"gn] :ki6 ?kdf afnsn] s/f/ ug{
;Sb}g egL pNn]v u/]sf 5 .[13] ef/tdf “Bal Krishna V. Rewa University” sf] d'4f[14]df ef/tsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] lg0f{odf of] elgof] ls olb s'g} JolQmn]
cfˆgf] of]Uotf g} gePsf] k/LIffdf k|j]z kq lnO{ k/LIff lbG5 eg] ljZjljBfnon] ;f]
hfgsf/L kfPkl5 ;f] JolQmsf] k/LIffkmn /2 ug{ ;S5 o;df laaGwgsf] l;4fGtn] s'g}
afwf ub}{g .
@_o;}u/L ef/ts} ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] “B.E.G.
Fisherman Co-op, Society V. Sipahi Singh”[15] sf] d'4fdf ;/sf/sf]
ljwflosL tyf sfo{kflnsLo sfo{df laaGwgsf] l;4fGt nfu" x'b}Fg egL JofVof
u/]sf] 5 . /fHon] s'g} Ps JolQmsf nflu b'O{ jif{sf nflu a;f]af;sf] nflu If]q
5'6\ofOlbPsf]df ;f]sf] clGtd cfb]z lbg] a]nfdf cs}{ JolQmnfO{ ;f] lbnfOsf]df
To:tf] cj:yfdf /fHonfO{ laaGwgsf] l;4fGt nfu" x'b}Fg .
#_ kmf}hbf/L d'4fdf
laaGwg nfUb}g . [16]laaGwg ljz'4 ?kdf b]jfgL
k|s[of xf] / s'g} ck/fw ug]{ ;xdltaf6 laaGwgsf] ;[hgf x'b}Fg . s'g} ck/fwsf
cleo'Qm cbfntdf ;fljt eP klg k|df0faf6 ;f] s'/f k'li6 x'g g;s]df ;flalts}
cfwf/df dfq s;'/ 7x/fpg ldNb}g .
$_ k|lt1f u/]sf] jf
cfZjf;g lbPsf] s'/fdf laaGwg nfUb}g . clglZrt s'/fdf ljZjf; ug]{n] ;f] s'/faf6
ePsf] xfgLsf] ;fdgf cfkm"n] g} ug'{kb{5 eGg] ;fdfGo l;4fGt o;sf] k5fl8 /x]sf]
5 .
%_em'7f xf] elg hfgLhfgL ul/Psf] sfddf laaGwg
nfUb}g .
laaGwgsf] l;4fGt;DalGw g]kfnsf] ;jf]+Rr cbfntaf6
k|ltkflbt sfg'gL l;4fGt
laaGwgsf] l;4fGtsf
;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ljleGg sfg'gL l;4fGtx? K|fltkflbt ePsf 5g .
ltdWo] s]xL tn pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ M
!_ k"0f{s'df/L lj?4 lji0f's'df/L >]i7 ;d]t,
g]=sf=k= @)$$, k[ $&@
Pp6f d'4fdf Ps
Joxf]/f / csf]{ d'4fdf ;f] Joxf]/f ljk/Lt eGg kfpg] x'b}Fg. laaGwgsf] l;4fGt
nfu" x'G5 .
@_pQd zDz]/ lj?4 nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, g]=sf=k= @)!&,
k[= &&
sfg'gL a'bfFdf
;/sf/ jf hgtf h;n] klg uNtL ug{ ;S5 . s;}n] To:tf] uNtL u/]df sfg"gsf]
a'bfFdf kl5 dsf{ kg]{ JolQmn] lj/f]w ug{ ;S5 .
#_e'jg/fh pkfWofo ;d]t lj?4 kml0fGb| /fh eGg]
bfdf]b/k|;fb pkfWofo, g]=sf=k= @)@^, lg=g+= %)&, k[= #!@
k|:t't lnvt k|df0f
;Dej x'g] b]lv ;2] sLt]{ ;'gfO{ txsLsft jfbsf] sf/jfO{n] pQm lnvt k|df0f nfUg
g;Sg] b]lvPdf pQm ;2] sLt]{ txsLsftnfO{ dfGotf glbP klg x'G5 .
$_d08nL dfof >]i7 ;d]t lj?4 Zofdaxfb'/ kGt ;d]t,
g]=sf=k= @)$^, k[= @)(, d'4fM bfv]n vf/]h
Ps k6s cfˆgf] efu 5'6\ofO{
lsQf sf6 u/L lbg d~h'/L eO{ sfuh ul/;s]kl5 clxn] cfP/ lsQf sf6 u/L lbg d~h'/
5}g eGg k|df0f P]g @)#! sf] bkmf #$ adf]lhd gldNg].
lgis{if
pk{o'Qm
laaGwgsf] l;4fGtsf] cjwf/0ff, o;sf k|sf/ sf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] k|df0f sfg'g @)#!
df o;sf] k|of]usf af/]df ljZn]if0f ubf{ s] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 eg] g]kfnsf] k|df0f
sfg'g @)#! df laaGwg;DalGw Joj:yfdf o;df /x]sf cfwf/e"t tTjx? ;dfj]z /x]sf
5g\ . o; l;4fGtcGt{ut /x]/ ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;do ;dodf ljleGg d'4fx?df
u/]sf] JofVof / ljj]rgfaf6 klg ;f] s'/f k'li6 x'g cfpF5 . o;sf] afjh'b klg
laaGwgsf] l;4fGtsf] jf:tljs k|of]u / k|rng g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsf Pj+ cGo Goflos
tyf cw{ Goflos lgsfox?af6 ePsf] kfOb}Fg . ;fdfGotof kmf}hbf/L sfg'gdf o;sf]
k|of]u gx'g] elgP tfklg s]xL s]xL If]qdf o;sf] k|of]u x'G5 eGg] s'/f ljBdfg eP
klg g]kfnsf] kmf}hbf/L sfg'gdf o;sf] ljk/Lt sfo{ x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf
nflu cbfntdf x'g] ;fljltnfO{ g} lnbfF klg s] b]lvG5 eg] k|x/Ldf s'g} s;'/df
;fljt eO{ cbfntdf ;d]t ;fljt ePs} cfwf/df s;'/ 7x/ u/L ;hfo ug]{ k|j[lt g]kfnsf]
Gofokflnsfdf JofKt ePsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf laaGwgsf] l;4fGt cfslif{t x'b}Fg
eGg] ;j{Joflk l;4fGt ePtfklg o;nfO{ TofUg] dfgl;stfdf g]kfnsf Gofokflnsf tof/
b]lvb}g . o;afx]s ef/tsf] k|df0f sfg'gsf] bkmfx?df ;Demf}tfsf cfwf/af6 l;h{gf
x'g] laaGwgsf] af/]df klg pNn]v ul/Psf] ePtfklg g]kfnsf] k|df0f sfg'gdf pQm
Joj:yf gx'g'n] g]kfnsf] Gofok|0ffnL laaGwgsf] l;4fGtsf] dfldnfdf cGt{/fli6«o
hutdf o;af/] ePsf Joj:yf / ;do;dodf o;df x'g] kl/jt{g / kl/dfh{gk|lt cgle1 5
eGg] s'/f k|:6 x'g cfpF5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg ;do;dodf dflg;x?aLr ljleGg
ljifox?df ljleGg k|sf/sf ;Demf}tfx? x'g] ub{5g\ / ;do;dodf To:tf ljifodf
ljjfbx? klg kg{ ;Sb5g\ . o:tf]df ef/t tyf cGo d'n'sx?df Joj:yf ePh:t} g]kfndf
klg o;;DalGw ljifodf ljjGwgsf] l;4fGt nfu" x'g] vfnsf sfg'gL k|fjwfgx? ePdf
To:tf ljjfbx?sf] Goflos lg?k0fsf] sfo{df ;xhtf / k|efjsf/Ltf Nofpg ;lsG5 .
k|df0f
sfg'gdf laaGwgsf] l;4fGtnfO{ Ps ;fdfGo l;4fGt dfGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;fdfGo ?kdf
Ps JolQmn] Psk6s Psy/L egL JoQm ul/;s]sf]df kl5 ;f]xL JolQmn] ;f]xL s'/fsf]
v08g ug'{ g}lts ?kdf g} pko'Qm x'b}Fg eGg] cjwf/0ffsf ;fy laaGwgsf] l;4fGtsf]
hGd ePsf] xf] . olt x'bfFx'b}F klg s'g} klg ljjfbsf] g} klg ljjfb ;xhtfsf ;fy lg?k0fdf
of] l;4fGt pkof]uL x'g] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb 5}g . o; l;4fGtsf] plrt / j}1flgs
k|of]u x'g] xf] eg] d'4fsf s'g} klg kIfn] cfˆgf s'/f abn]sf]df ;f]xL d'4fsf
csf]{ kIfnufot ;f];uF ;DalGwt cGo JolQmx?n] ;d]t cgfjZos emGem6 a]xf]{g' gkg]{ kmfObf
Psflt/ 5 eg] cbfntn] ;d]t cgfjZos ?kdf d'4fsf] rfk a]xf]{g' gkg]{ b]lvG5 .
g]kfnsf] k|df0f sfg'g @)#! df laaGwg;DalGw Joj:yfsf af/]df cWoog ubf{ s] s'/f
:ki6 x'g cfpF5 eg] o;;DalGw cfwf/e"t s'/fx? o;df ;dfj]z ePsf] eP tfklg
sltko ljifox?df o;sf] oyf]lrt kfngf tyf s]xL s'/fx? h:t} ;Demf}tsf cfwf/df
l;h{gf x'g] laaGwgsf ;DaGwdf sfg'gL Joj:yf x'g ;s] o;sf] k|efjsf/Ltf cem} a9\g
;S5 .
[1] Ram Jas
v. Surendra Nath, A.I.R. 1980 All. 385, 388
[2] Dr.
Avatar Singh, Principles of the Law of Evidence, 18th Edition(2010),
Central Law Publication, 1
[4] 1fOGb|axfb'/
>]i7, k|df0f P]g @)#!, Ps ;+lIfKt kl/ro, g]kfn sfg'g lstfj sDkgL k|f= ln= !&(
[5] /lhteQm
k|wfgfË, g]kfnL k|df0f sfg'gsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro, /Tg k':ts e08f/-@)%)_,@$(
[6] Dr.
Avatar Singh, Principles of the Law of Evidence, 18th Edition(2010),
Central Law Publication, 492
[8] g]=sf=k=
@)$% cs+ *, k[ &$#
[10] 1fOGb|axfb'/
>]i7, P]g ;+u|x Md"n bkmf;lxt Ps l6Kk0fL, k}/jL k|sfzg -@)^^_, !!*
[11] sfg'gL
bkmf eGgfn] ljwflosf4f/f agfOPsf] sfg'g eGg] ;d]tnfO{ hgfpFb5 .
[12] Dr.
Avatar Singh, Principles of the Law of Evidence, 18th Edition(2010),
Central Law Publication, 488
[13] d'n'sL
P]g c= j= sf] @$ g+= .. .. h'g;'s} s'/fdf eP klg ;f]x| jif{
gk'u]sf gfafnssf] / pd]/ k'u]sf ePklg s'g} lsl;dsf] /f]un] xf]z 7]ufgfdf gePsf
jf af}nfPsf dflg; ;d]tsf] sfuh lng' jf u/fpg' kbf{ p;sf] ;+/Ifs jf xsjfnf g/fvL
s'g} sfuh lng' u/fpg' x'Fb}g, ;f]x| jif{ gk'u]sf] eP klg Hofgdf/f, rf]/L jf
s/0fL ug]{ ug{ nfpg] dflg;sf] c8\8faf6 sfuh u/fpg' kbf{ eg] ;+/Ifs jf xsjfnf eP
lghnfO{ /fvL / geP p;}sf] dfq sfuh u/fpg klg x'G5 . ;+/Ifs jf xsjfnf /fvL sfuh
u/fPsf]df of] d]/f] o; lsl;dsf] dflg;n] d]/f] ;fd'Gg]df eg] adf]lhd n]vL ;lx5fk
u/]sf] ;fFrf] xf] egL ;f] sfuhsf] lsgf/fdf ;f] ;+/Ifs jf xsjfnfsf] klg ;lx5fk
u/fpg' k5{ . sfuh u/fpFbf s;}nfO{ klg hf]/h'n'd s/sfk u/L sfuh u/fpg' x'Fb}g .
u/] ab/ x'G5 . n]lvP adf]lhd afx]s cfkmgf v'zL/fhLn] hfgL a'´L ;xL 5fk xfn]kl5
;f] sfuh ;b/ x'G5 .
[14] A.I.R.
1978 M.P. 86
[15] (1977)
4 S.C.C. p. 152
[16] k|sfz
j:tL, k|df0f sfg'g, k}/jL k|sfzg, !^^
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